Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.
Identifieur interne : 000064 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000063; suivant : 000065Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.
Auteurs : Gytis Dudas [Royaume-Uni] ; Luiz Max Carvalho [Royaume-Uni] ; Trevor Bedford [États-Unis] ; Andrew J. Tatem [Royaume-Uni] ; Guy Baele [Belgique] ; Nuno R. Faria [Royaume-Uni] ; Daniel J. Park [États-Unis] ; Jason T. Ladner [États-Unis] ; Armando Arias [Royaume-Uni] ; Danny Asogun [Nigeria] ; Filip Bielejec [Belgique] ; Sarah L. Caddy [Royaume-Uni] ; Matthew Cotten [Royaume-Uni] ; Jonathan D'Ambrozio [États-Unis] ; Simon Dellicour [Belgique] ; Antonino Di Caro [Allemagne] ; Joseph W. Diclaro [Égypte] ; Sophie Duraffour [Allemagne] ; Michael J. Elmore [Royaume-Uni] ; Lawrence S. Fakoli [Liberia] ; Ousmane Faye [Sénégal] ; Merle L. Gilbert [États-Unis] ; Sahr M. Gevao [Sierra Leone] ; Stephen Gire [États-Unis] ; Adrianne Gladden-Young [États-Unis] ; Andreas Gnirke [États-Unis] ; Augustine Goba [Sierra Leone] ; Donald S. Grant [Sierra Leone] ; Bart L. Haagmans [Pays-Bas] ; Julian A. Hiscox [Royaume-Uni] ; Umaru Jah [Sierra Leone] ; Jeffrey R. Kugelman [États-Unis] ; Di Liu [République populaire de Chine] ; Jia Lu [Royaume-Uni] ; Christine M. Malboeuf [États-Unis] ; Suzanne Mate [États-Unis] ; David A. Matthews [Royaume-Uni] ; Christian B. Matranga [États-Unis] ; Luke W. Meredith [Royaume-Uni] ; James Qu [États-Unis] ; Joshua Quick [Royaume-Uni] ; Suzan D. Pas [Pays-Bas] ; My V T. Phan [Royaume-Uni] ; Georgios Pollakis [Royaume-Uni] ; Chantal B. Reusken [Pays-Bas] ; Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart [États-Unis] ; Stephen F. Schaffner [États-Unis] ; John S. Schieffelin [États-Unis] ; Rachel S. Sealfon [États-Unis] ; Etienne Simon-Loriere [France] ; Saskia L. Smits [Pays-Bas] ; Kilian Stoecker [Allemagne] ; Lucy Thorne [Royaume-Uni] ; Ekaete Alice Tobin [Nigeria] ; Mohamed A. Vandi [Sierra Leone] ; Simon J. Watson [Royaume-Uni] ; Kendra West [États-Unis] ; Shannon Whitmer [États-Unis] ; Michael R. Wiley [États-Unis] ; Sarah M. Winnicki [États-Unis] ; Shirlee Wohl [États-Unis] ; Roman Wölfel [Allemagne] ; Nathan L. Yozwiak [États-Unis] ; Kristian G. Andersen [États-Unis] ; Sylvia O. Blyden [Sierra Leone] ; Fatorma Bolay [Liberia] ; Miles W. Carroll [Allemagne] ; Bernice Dahn [Liberia] ; Boubacar Diallo [Guinée] ; Pierre Formenty [Suisse] ; Christophe Fraser [Royaume-Uni] ; George F. Gao [République populaire de Chine] ; Robert F. Garry [États-Unis] ; Ian Goodfellow [Royaume-Uni] ; Stephan Günther [Allemagne] ; Christian T. Happi [Nigeria] ; Edward C. Holmes [Australie] ; Brima Kargbo [Sierra Leone] ; Sakoba Keïta [Guinée] ; Paul Kellam [Royaume-Uni] ; Marion P G. Koopmans [Pays-Bas] ; Jens H. Kuhn [États-Unis] ; Nicholas J. Loman [Royaume-Uni] ; N'Faly Magassouba [Guinée] ; Dhamari Naidoo [Suisse] ; Stuart T. Nichol [États-Unis] ; Tolbert Nyenswah [Liberia] ; Gustavo Palacios [États-Unis] ; Oliver G. Pybus [Royaume-Uni] ; Pardis C. Sabeti [États-Unis] ; Amadou Sall [Sénégal] ; Ute Ströher [États-Unis] ; Isatta Wurie [Sierra Leone] ; Marc A. Suchard [États-Unis] ; Philippe Lemey [Belgique] ; Andrew Rambaut [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Nature [ 1476-4687 ] ; 2017.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Climat, Ebolavirus (génétique), Ebolavirus (isolement et purification), Ebolavirus (physiologie), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (transmission), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (virologie), Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie), Flambées de maladies (), Génome viral (génétique), Géographie, Humains, Internationalité, Modèles linéaires, Phylogénie, Voyage (), Voyage (législation et jurisprudence), Épidémiologie moléculaire.
- MESH :
- génétique : Ebolavirus, Génome viral.
- isolement et purification : Ebolavirus.
- législation et jurisprudence : Voyage.
- physiologie : Ebolavirus.
- virologie : Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola.
- épidémiologie : Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola.
- Climat, Flambées de maladies, Géographie, Humains, Internationalité, Modèles linéaires, Phylogénie, Voyage, Épidémiologie moléculaire.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Climate, Disease Outbreaks (statistics & numerical data), Ebolavirus (genetics), Ebolavirus (isolation & purification), Ebolavirus (physiology), Genome, Viral (genetics), Geography, Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission), Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology), Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, Travel (legislation & jurisprudence), Travel (statistics & numerical data).
- MESH :
- epidemiology : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- genetics : Ebolavirus, Genome, Viral.
- isolation & purification : Ebolavirus.
- legislation & jurisprudence : Travel.
- physiology : Ebolavirus.
- statistics & numerical data : Disease Outbreaks, Travel.
- transmission : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- virology : Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola.
- Climate, Geography, Humans, Internationality, Linear Models, Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny.
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.
DOI: 10.1038/nature22040
PubMed: 28405027
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Australie, Belgique, France, Guinée, Liberia, Nigeria, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, République populaire de Chine, Sierra Leone, Suisse, Sénégal, Égypte, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Angleterre de l'Est, Hambourg, Midlands de l'Ouest, Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Oxfordshire, Province du Brabant flamand, Écosse
- Birmingham, Cambridge, Hambourg, Louvain, Oxford, Pékin, Sydney, Édimbourg
- Université d'Oxford, Université d'Édimbourg, Université de Birmingham, Université de Cambridge, Université de Sydney
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Le document en format XML
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Diclaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo 11517</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duraffour, Sophie" sort="Duraffour, Sophie" uniqKey="Duraffour S" first="Sophie" last="Duraffour">Sophie Duraffour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmore, Michael J" sort="Elmore, Michael J" uniqKey="Elmore M" first="Michael J" last="Elmore">Michael J. Elmore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wilts SP4 0JG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, Lawrence S" sort="Fakoli, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Fakoli L" first="Lawrence S" last="Fakoli">Lawrence S. Fakoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Charlesville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faye, Ousmane" sort="Faye, Ousmane" uniqKey="Faye O" first="Ousmane" last="Faye">Ousmane Faye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, Merle L" sort="Gilbert, Merle L" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="Merle L" last="Gilbert">Merle L. Gilbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gevao, Sahr M" sort="Gevao, Sahr M" uniqKey="Gevao S" first="Sahr M" last="Gevao">Sahr M. Gevao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gire, Stephen" sort="Gire, Stephen" uniqKey="Gire S" first="Stephen" last="Gire">Stephen Gire</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gladden Young, Adrianne" sort="Gladden Young, Adrianne" uniqKey="Gladden Young A" first="Adrianne" last="Gladden-Young">Adrianne Gladden-Young</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goba, Augustine" sort="Goba, Augustine" uniqKey="Goba A" first="Augustine" last="Goba">Augustine Goba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Donald S" sort="Grant, Donald S" uniqKey="Grant D" first="Donald S" last="Grant">Donald S. Grant</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L" last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiscox, Julian A" sort="Hiscox, Julian A" uniqKey="Hiscox J" first="Julian A" last="Hiscox">Julian A. Hiscox</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jah, Umaru" sort="Jah, Umaru" uniqKey="Jah U" first="Umaru" last="Jah">Umaru Jah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Makeni, Makeni</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Makeni</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" sort="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" uniqKey="Kugelman J" first="Jeffrey R" last="Kugelman">Jeffrey R. Kugelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Di" sort="Liu, Di" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Di" last="Liu">Di Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jia" sort="Lu, Jia" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jia" last="Lu">Jia Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malboeuf, Christine M" sort="Malboeuf, Christine M" uniqKey="Malboeuf C" first="Christine M" last="Malboeuf">Christine M. Malboeuf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mate, Suzanne" sort="Mate, Suzanne" uniqKey="Mate S" first="Suzanne" last="Mate">Suzanne Mate</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, David A" sort="Matthews, David A" uniqKey="Matthews D" first="David A" last="Matthews">David A. Matthews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bristol BS8 1TD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matranga, Christian B" sort="Matranga, Christian B" uniqKey="Matranga C" first="Christian B" last="Matranga">Christian B. Matranga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Luke W" sort="Meredith, Luke W" uniqKey="Meredith L" first="Luke W" last="Meredith">Luke W. Meredith</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, James" sort="Qu, James" uniqKey="Qu J" first="James" last="Qu">James Qu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quick, Joshua" sort="Quick, Joshua" uniqKey="Quick J" first="Joshua" last="Quick">Joshua Quick</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pas, Suzan D" sort="Pas, Suzan D" uniqKey="Pas S" first="Suzan D" last="Pas">Suzan D. Pas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phan, My V T" sort="Phan, My V T" uniqKey="Phan M" first="My V T" last="Phan">My V T. Phan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollakis, Georgios" sort="Pollakis, Georgios" uniqKey="Pollakis G" first="Georgios" last="Pollakis">Georgios Pollakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B" sort="Reusken, Chantal B" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B" last="Reusken">Chantal B. Reusken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" sort="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" uniqKey="Sanchez Lockhart M" first="Mariano" last="Sanchez-Lockhart">Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffner, Stephen F" sort="Schaffner, Stephen F" uniqKey="Schaffner S" first="Stephen F" last="Schaffner">Stephen F. Schaffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schieffelin, John S" sort="Schieffelin, John S" uniqKey="Schieffelin J" first="John S" last="Schieffelin">John S. Schieffelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisiana 70112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealfon, Rachel S" sort="Sealfon, Rachel S" uniqKey="Sealfon R" first="Rachel S" last="Sealfon">Rachel S. Sealfon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, Saskia L" sort="Smits, Saskia L" uniqKey="Smits S" first="Saskia L" last="Smits">Saskia L. Smits</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Kilian" sort="Stoecker, Kilian" uniqKey="Stoecker K" first="Kilian" last="Stoecker">Kilian Stoecker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorne, Lucy" sort="Thorne, Lucy" uniqKey="Thorne L" first="Lucy" last="Thorne">Lucy Thorne</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" sort="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" uniqKey="Tobin E" first="Ekaete Alice" last="Tobin">Ekaete Alice Tobin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Irrua</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A" last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Simon J" sort="Watson, Simon J" uniqKey="Watson S" first="Simon J" last="Watson">Simon J. Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Kendra" sort="West, Kendra" uniqKey="West K" first="Kendra" last="West">Kendra West</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmer, Shannon" sort="Whitmer, Shannon" uniqKey="Whitmer S" first="Shannon" last="Whitmer">Shannon Whitmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiley, Michael R" sort="Wiley, Michael R" uniqKey="Wiley M" first="Michael R" last="Wiley">Michael R. Wiley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winnicki, Sarah M" sort="Winnicki, Sarah M" uniqKey="Winnicki S" first="Sarah M" last="Winnicki">Sarah M. Winnicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Shirlee" sort="Wohl, Shirlee" uniqKey="Wohl S" first="Shirlee" last="Wohl">Shirlee Wohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfel, Roman" sort="Wolfel, Roman" uniqKey="Wolfel R" first="Roman" last="Wölfel">Roman Wölfel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yozwiak, Nathan L" sort="Yozwiak, Nathan L" uniqKey="Yozwiak N" first="Nathan L" last="Yozwiak">Nathan L. Yozwiak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G" last="Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 92037</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blyden, Sylvia O" sort="Blyden, Sylvia O" uniqKey="Blyden S" first="Sylvia O" last="Blyden">Sylvia O. Blyden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolay, Fatorma" sort="Bolay, Fatorma" uniqKey="Bolay F" first="Fatorma" last="Bolay">Fatorma Bolay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Charlesville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, Miles W" sort="Carroll, Miles W" uniqKey="Carroll M" first="Miles W" last="Carroll">Miles W. Carroll</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dahn, Bernice" sort="Dahn, Bernice" uniqKey="Dahn B" first="Bernice" last="Dahn">Bernice Dahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Monrovia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diallo, Boubacar" sort="Diallo, Boubacar" uniqKey="Diallo B" first="Boubacar" last="Diallo">Boubacar Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Formenty, Pierre" sort="Formenty, Pierre" uniqKey="Formenty P" first="Pierre" last="Formenty">Pierre Formenty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Christophe" sort="Fraser, Christophe" uniqKey="Fraser C" first="Christophe" last="Fraser">Christophe Fraser</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, George F" sort="Gao, George F" uniqKey="Gao G" first="George F" last="Gao">George F. Gao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F" last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisiana 70112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodfellow, Ian" sort="Goodfellow, Ian" uniqKey="Goodfellow I" first="Ian" last="Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, Stephan" sort="Gunther, Stephan" uniqKey="Gunther S" first="Stephan" last="Günther">Stephan Günther</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Happi, Christian T" sort="Happi, Christian T" uniqKey="Happi C" first="Christian T" last="Happi">Christian T. Happi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osun State</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keita, Sakoba" sort="Keita, Sakoba" uniqKey="Keita S" first="Sakoba" last="Keïta">Sakoba Keïta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellam, Paul" sort="Kellam, Paul" uniqKey="Kellam P" first="Paul" last="Kellam">Paul Kellam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P G" last="Koopmans">Marion P G. Koopmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H" last="Kuhn">Jens H. Kuhn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loman, Nicholas J" sort="Loman, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="Nicholas J" last="Loman">Nicholas J. Loman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magassouba, N Faly" sort="Magassouba, N Faly" uniqKey="Magassouba N" first="N'Faly" last="Magassouba">N'Faly Magassouba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Dhamari" sort="Naidoo, Dhamari" uniqKey="Naidoo D" first="Dhamari" last="Naidoo">Dhamari Naidoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Stuart T" sort="Nichol, Stuart T" uniqKey="Nichol S" first="Stuart T" last="Nichol">Stuart T. Nichol</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyenswah, Tolbert" sort="Nyenswah, Tolbert" uniqKey="Nyenswah T" first="Tolbert" last="Nyenswah">Tolbert Nyenswah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Monrovia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo" sort="Palacios, Gustavo" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo" last="Palacios">Gustavo Palacios</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pybus, Oliver G" sort="Pybus, Oliver G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="Oliver G" last="Pybus">Oliver G. Pybus</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C" last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou" sort="Sall, Amadou" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou" last="Sall">Amadou Sall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wurie, Isatta" sort="Wurie, Isatta" uniqKey="Wurie I" first="Isatta" last="Wurie">Isatta Wurie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 90095</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemey, Philippe" sort="Lemey, Philippe" uniqKey="Lemey P" first="Philippe" last="Lemey">Philippe Lemey</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province du Brabant flamand</region><settlement type="city">Louvain</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:28405027</idno><idno type="pmid">28405027</idno><idno type="doi">10.1038/nature22040</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000E38</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000E38</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000E35</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Curation">000E35</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000E35</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Checkpoint" wicri:step="PubMed">000E35</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">004631</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">004631</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">004631</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000059</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000064</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000064</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Virus genomes reveal factors that spread and sustained the Ebola epidemic.</title><author><name sortKey="Dudas, Gytis" sort="Dudas, Gytis" uniqKey="Dudas G" first="Gytis" last="Dudas">Gytis Dudas</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carvalho, Luiz Max" sort="Carvalho, Luiz Max" uniqKey="Carvalho L" first="Luiz Max" last="Carvalho">Luiz Max Carvalho</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bedford, Trevor" sort="Bedford, Trevor" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="Trevor" last="Bedford">Trevor Bedford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Washington 98109</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tatem, Andrew J" sort="Tatem, Andrew J" uniqKey="Tatem A" first="Andrew J" last="Tatem">Andrew J. Tatem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Southampton SO17 1BJ</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Baele, Guy" sort="Baele, Guy" uniqKey="Baele G" first="Guy" last="Baele">Guy Baele</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province du Brabant flamand</region><settlement type="city">Louvain</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faria, Nuno R" sort="Faria, Nuno R" uniqKey="Faria N" first="Nuno R" last="Faria">Nuno R. Faria</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Daniel J" sort="Park, Daniel J" uniqKey="Park D" first="Daniel J" last="Park">Daniel J. Park</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ladner, Jason T" sort="Ladner, Jason T" uniqKey="Ladner J" first="Jason T" last="Ladner">Jason T. Ladner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Arias, Armando" sort="Arias, Armando" uniqKey="Arias A" first="Armando" last="Arias">Armando Arias</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Asogun, Danny" sort="Asogun, Danny" uniqKey="Asogun D" first="Danny" last="Asogun">Danny Asogun</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Irrua</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bielejec, Filip" sort="Bielejec, Filip" uniqKey="Bielejec F" first="Filip" last="Bielejec">Filip Bielejec</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province du Brabant flamand</region><settlement type="city">Louvain</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Caddy, Sarah L" sort="Caddy, Sarah L" uniqKey="Caddy S" first="Sarah L" last="Caddy">Sarah L. Caddy</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cotten, Matthew" sort="Cotten, Matthew" uniqKey="Cotten M" first="Matthew" last="Cotten">Matthew Cotten</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" sort="D Ambrozio, Jonathan" uniqKey="D Ambrozio J" first="Jonathan" last="D'Ambrozio">Jonathan D'Ambrozio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dellicour, Simon" sort="Dellicour, Simon" uniqKey="Dellicour S" first="Simon" last="Dellicour">Simon Dellicour</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province du Brabant flamand</region><settlement type="city">Louvain</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Di Caro, Antonino" sort="Di Caro, Antonino" uniqKey="Di Caro A" first="Antonino" last="Di Caro">Antonino Di Caro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diclaro, Joseph W" sort="Diclaro, Joseph W" uniqKey="Diclaro J" first="Joseph W" last="Diclaro">Joseph W. Diclaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517, Egypt.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Égypte</country><wicri:regionArea>Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo 11517</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cairo 11517</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Duraffour, Sophie" sort="Duraffour, Sophie" uniqKey="Duraffour S" first="Sophie" last="Duraffour">Sophie Duraffour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elmore, Michael J" sort="Elmore, Michael J" uniqKey="Elmore M" first="Michael J" last="Elmore">Michael J. Elmore</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wilts SP4 0JG</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Wilts SP4 0JG</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, Lawrence S" sort="Fakoli, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Fakoli L" first="Lawrence S" last="Fakoli">Lawrence S. Fakoli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Charlesville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Faye, Ousmane" sort="Faye, Ousmane" uniqKey="Faye O" first="Ousmane" last="Faye">Ousmane Faye</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, Merle L" sort="Gilbert, Merle L" uniqKey="Gilbert M" first="Merle L" last="Gilbert">Merle L. Gilbert</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gevao, Sahr M" sort="Gevao, Sahr M" uniqKey="Gevao S" first="Sahr M" last="Gevao">Sahr M. Gevao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gire, Stephen" sort="Gire, Stephen" uniqKey="Gire S" first="Stephen" last="Gire">Stephen Gire</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gladden Young, Adrianne" sort="Gladden Young, Adrianne" uniqKey="Gladden Young A" first="Adrianne" last="Gladden-Young">Adrianne Gladden-Young</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gnirke, Andreas" sort="Gnirke, Andreas" uniqKey="Gnirke A" first="Andreas" last="Gnirke">Andreas Gnirke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goba, Augustine" sort="Goba, Augustine" uniqKey="Goba A" first="Augustine" last="Goba">Augustine Goba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Grant, Donald S" sort="Grant, Donald S" uniqKey="Grant D" first="Donald S" last="Grant">Donald S. Grant</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L" last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hiscox, Julian A" sort="Hiscox, Julian A" uniqKey="Hiscox J" first="Julian A" last="Hiscox">Julian A. Hiscox</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jah, Umaru" sort="Jah, Umaru" uniqKey="Jah U" first="Umaru" last="Jah">Umaru Jah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Makeni, Makeni, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Makeni, Makeni</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Makeni</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" sort="Kugelman, Jeffrey R" uniqKey="Kugelman J" first="Jeffrey R" last="Kugelman">Jeffrey R. Kugelman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Di" sort="Liu, Di" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Di" last="Liu">Di Liu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lu, Jia" sort="Lu, Jia" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jia" last="Lu">Jia Lu</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Malboeuf, Christine M" sort="Malboeuf, Christine M" uniqKey="Malboeuf C" first="Christine M" last="Malboeuf">Christine M. Malboeuf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mate, Suzanne" sort="Mate, Suzanne" uniqKey="Mate S" first="Suzanne" last="Mate">Suzanne Mate</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matthews, David A" sort="Matthews, David A" uniqKey="Matthews D" first="David A" last="Matthews">David A. Matthews</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bristol BS8 1TD</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Matranga, Christian B" sort="Matranga, Christian B" uniqKey="Matranga C" first="Christian B" last="Matranga">Christian B. Matranga</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Meredith, Luke W" sort="Meredith, Luke W" uniqKey="Meredith L" first="Luke W" last="Meredith">Luke W. Meredith</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Qu, James" sort="Qu, James" uniqKey="Qu J" first="James" last="Qu">James Qu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Quick, Joshua" sort="Quick, Joshua" uniqKey="Quick J" first="Joshua" last="Quick">Joshua Quick</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pas, Suzan D" sort="Pas, Suzan D" uniqKey="Pas S" first="Suzan D" last="Pas">Suzan D. Pas</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Phan, My V T" sort="Phan, My V T" uniqKey="Phan M" first="My V T" last="Phan">My V T. Phan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pollakis, Georgios" sort="Pollakis, Georgios" uniqKey="Pollakis G" first="Georgios" last="Pollakis">Georgios Pollakis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Liverpool L69 2BE</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B" sort="Reusken, Chantal B" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B" last="Reusken">Chantal B. Reusken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" sort="Sanchez Lockhart, Mariano" uniqKey="Sanchez Lockhart M" first="Mariano" last="Sanchez-Lockhart">Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffner, Stephen F" sort="Schaffner, Stephen F" uniqKey="Schaffner S" first="Stephen F" last="Schaffner">Stephen F. Schaffner</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schieffelin, John S" sort="Schieffelin, John S" uniqKey="Schieffelin J" first="John S" last="Schieffelin">John S. Schieffelin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisiana 70112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sealfon, Rachel S" sort="Sealfon, Rachel S" uniqKey="Sealfon R" first="Rachel S" last="Sealfon">Rachel S. Sealfon</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion><wicri:noRegion>75724 Paris Cedex 15</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smits, Saskia L" sort="Smits, Saskia L" uniqKey="Smits S" first="Saskia L" last="Smits">Saskia L. Smits</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stoecker, Kilian" sort="Stoecker, Kilian" uniqKey="Stoecker K" first="Kilian" last="Stoecker">Kilian Stoecker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Thorne, Lucy" sort="Thorne, Lucy" uniqKey="Thorne L" first="Lucy" last="Thorne">Lucy Thorne</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" sort="Tobin, Ekaete Alice" uniqKey="Tobin E" first="Ekaete Alice" last="Tobin">Ekaete Alice Tobin</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Irrua</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vandi, Mohamed A" sort="Vandi, Mohamed A" uniqKey="Vandi M" first="Mohamed A" last="Vandi">Mohamed A. Vandi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kenema</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watson, Simon J" sort="Watson, Simon J" uniqKey="Watson S" first="Simon J" last="Watson">Simon J. Watson</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="West, Kendra" sort="West, Kendra" uniqKey="West K" first="Kendra" last="West">Kendra West</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Whitmer, Shannon" sort="Whitmer, Shannon" uniqKey="Whitmer S" first="Shannon" last="Whitmer">Shannon Whitmer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wiley, Michael R" sort="Wiley, Michael R" uniqKey="Wiley M" first="Michael R" last="Wiley">Michael R. Wiley</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Winnicki, Sarah M" sort="Winnicki, Sarah M" uniqKey="Winnicki S" first="Sarah M" last="Winnicki">Sarah M. Winnicki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wohl, Shirlee" sort="Wohl, Shirlee" uniqKey="Wohl S" first="Shirlee" last="Wohl">Shirlee Wohl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wolfel, Roman" sort="Wolfel, Roman" uniqKey="Wolfel R" first="Roman" last="Wölfel">Roman Wölfel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yozwiak, Nathan L" sort="Yozwiak, Nathan L" uniqKey="Yozwiak N" first="Nathan L" last="Yozwiak">Nathan L. Yozwiak</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G" last="Andersen">Kristian G. Andersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, La Jolla, California 92037</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 92037</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Blyden, Sylvia O" sort="Blyden, Sylvia O" uniqKey="Blyden S" first="Sylvia O" last="Blyden">Sylvia O. Blyden</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Social Welfare, Gender and Children's Affairs, New Englandville, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolay, Fatorma" sort="Bolay, Fatorma" uniqKey="Bolay F" first="Fatorma" last="Bolay">Fatorma Bolay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Charlesville</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carroll, Miles W" sort="Carroll, Miles W" uniqKey="Carroll M" first="Miles W" last="Carroll">Miles W. Carroll</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dahn, Bernice" sort="Dahn, Bernice" uniqKey="Dahn B" first="Bernice" last="Dahn">Bernice Dahn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Monrovia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diallo, Boubacar" sort="Diallo, Boubacar" uniqKey="Diallo B" first="Boubacar" last="Diallo">Boubacar Diallo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Formenty, Pierre" sort="Formenty, Pierre" uniqKey="Formenty P" first="Pierre" last="Formenty">Pierre Formenty</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Christophe" sort="Fraser, Christophe" uniqKey="Fraser C" first="Christophe" last="Fraser">Christophe Fraser</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Oxford Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gao, George F" sort="Gao, George F" uniqKey="Gao G" first="George F" last="Gao">George F. Gao</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Garry, Robert F" sort="Garry, Robert F" uniqKey="Garry R" first="Robert F" last="Garry">Robert F. Garry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Louisiana 70112</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goodfellow, Ian" sort="Goodfellow, Ian" uniqKey="Goodfellow I" first="Ian" last="Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Cambridge</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Cambridge</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Angleterre de l'Est</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gunther, Stephan" sort="Gunther, Stephan" uniqKey="Gunther S" first="Stephan" last="Günther">Stephan Günther</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>The European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, 20359 Hamburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>20359 Hamburg</wicri:noRegion><placeName><settlement type="city">Hambourg</settlement><region type="land" nuts="2">Hambourg</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Happi, Christian T" sort="Happi, Christian T" uniqKey="Happi C" first="Christian T" last="Happi">Christian T. Happi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Nigeria</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biological Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Osun State</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Sydney</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Sydney</settlement><region type="état">Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kargbo, Brima" sort="Kargbo, Brima" uniqKey="Kargbo B" first="Brima" last="Kargbo">Brima Kargbo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keita, Sakoba" sort="Keita, Sakoba" uniqKey="Keita S" first="Sakoba" last="Keïta">Sakoba Keïta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Ministry of Health Guinea, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellam, Paul" sort="Kellam, Paul" uniqKey="Kellam P" first="Paul" last="Kellam">Paul Kellam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Virus Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cambridge CB10 1SA</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P G" last="Koopmans">Marion P G. Koopmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>300 CA Rotterdam</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kuhn, Jens H" sort="Kuhn, Jens H" uniqKey="Kuhn J" first="Jens H" last="Kuhn">Jens H. Kuhn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Loman, Nicholas J" sort="Loman, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="Nicholas J" last="Loman">Nicholas J. Loman</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université de Birmingham</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Birmingham</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Midlands de l'Ouest</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Magassouba, N Faly" sort="Magassouba, N Faly" uniqKey="Magassouba N" first="N'Faly" last="Magassouba">N'Faly Magassouba</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry, Guinea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Guinée</country><wicri:regionArea>Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Conakry</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Conakry</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naidoo, Dhamari" sort="Naidoo, Dhamari" uniqKey="Naidoo D" first="Dhamari" last="Naidoo">Dhamari Naidoo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>World Health Organization, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nichol, Stuart T" sort="Nichol, Stuart T" uniqKey="Nichol S" first="Stuart T" last="Nichol">Stuart T. Nichol</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyenswah, Tolbert" sort="Nyenswah, Tolbert" uniqKey="Nyenswah T" first="Tolbert" last="Nyenswah">Tolbert Nyenswah</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Liberia</country><wicri:regionArea>Minstry of Health Liberia, Monrovia</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Monrovia</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Palacios, Gustavo" sort="Palacios, Gustavo" uniqKey="Palacios G" first="Gustavo" last="Palacios">Gustavo Palacios</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Maryland 21702</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pybus, Oliver G" sort="Pybus, Oliver G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="Oliver G" last="Pybus">Oliver G. Pybus</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Oxford</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Oxford</settlement><region type="nation">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Oxfordshire</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabeti, Pardis C" sort="Sabeti, Pardis C" uniqKey="Sabeti P" first="Pardis C" last="Sabeti">Pardis C. Sabeti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Massachusetts 02142</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sall, Amadou" sort="Sall, Amadou" uniqKey="Sall A" first="Amadou" last="Sall">Amadou Sall</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sénégal</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Arbovirus and Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Unit, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Dakar</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stroher, Ute" sort="Stroher, Ute" uniqKey="Stroher U" first="Ute" last="Ströher">Ute Ströher</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Georgia 30333</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wurie, Isatta" sort="Wurie, Isatta" uniqKey="Wurie I" first="Isatta" last="Wurie">Isatta Wurie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Sierra Leone</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Sierra Leone, Freetown</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Freetown</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Suchard, Marc A" sort="Suchard, Marc A" uniqKey="Suchard M" first="Marc A" last="Suchard">Marc A. Suchard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biostatistics, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>California 90095</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemey, Philippe" sort="Lemey, Philippe" uniqKey="Lemey P" first="Philippe" last="Lemey">Philippe Lemey</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="province" nuts="2">Province du Brabant flamand</region><settlement type="city">Louvain</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Édimbourg</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Édimbourg</settlement><region type="country">Écosse</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nature</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-4687</idno><imprint><date when="2017" type="published">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Climate</term><term>Disease Outbreaks (statistics & numerical data)</term><term>Ebolavirus (genetics)</term><term>Ebolavirus (isolation & purification)</term><term>Ebolavirus (physiology)</term><term>Genome, Viral (genetics)</term><term>Geography</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (epidemiology)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (transmission)</term><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola (virology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internationality</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Phylogeny</term><term>Travel (legislation & jurisprudence)</term><term>Travel (statistics & numerical data)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Climat</term><term>Ebolavirus (génétique)</term><term>Ebolavirus (isolement et purification)</term><term>Ebolavirus (physiologie)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (transmission)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (virologie)</term><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola (épidémiologie)</term><term>Flambées de maladies ()</term><term>Génome viral (génétique)</term><term>Géographie</term><term>Humains</term><term>Internationalité</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Voyage ()</term><term>Voyage (législation et jurisprudence)</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term><term>Genome, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term><term>Génome viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="legislation & jurisprudence" xml:lang="en"><term>Travel</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="législation et jurisprudence" xml:lang="fr"><term>Voyage</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ebolavirus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="statistics & numerical data" xml:lang="en"><term>Disease Outbreaks</term><term>Travel</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Fièvre hémorragique à virus Ebola</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Climate</term><term>Geography</term><term>Humans</term><term>Internationality</term><term>Linear Models</term><term>Molecular Epidemiology</term><term>Phylogeny</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Climat</term><term>Flambées de maladies</term><term>Géographie</term><term>Humains</term><term>Internationalité</term><term>Modèles linéaires</term><term>Phylogénie</term><term>Voyage</term><term>Épidémiologie moléculaire</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The 2013-2016 West African epidemic caused by the Ebola virus was of unprecedented magnitude, duration and impact. Here we reconstruct the dispersal, proliferation and decline of Ebola virus throughout the region by analysing 1,610 Ebola virus genomes, which represent over 5% of the known cases. We test the association of geography, climate and demography with viral movement among administrative regions, inferring a classic 'gravity' model, with intense dispersal between larger and closer populations. Despite attenuation of international dispersal after border closures, cross-border transmission had already sown the seeds for an international epidemic, rendering these measures ineffective at curbing the epidemic. We address why the epidemic did not spread into neighbouring countries, showing that these countries were susceptible to substantial outbreaks but at lower risk of introductions. Finally, we reveal that this large epidemic was a heterogeneous and spatially dissociated collection of transmission clusters of varying size, duration and connectivity. These insights will help to inform interventions in future epidemics.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Australie</li><li>Belgique</li><li>France</li><li>Guinée</li><li>Liberia</li><li>Nigeria</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République populaire de Chine</li><li>Sierra Leone</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Sénégal</li><li>Égypte</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Angleterre de l'Est</li><li>Hambourg</li><li>Midlands de l'Ouest</li><li>Nouvelle-Galles du Sud</li><li>Oxfordshire</li><li>Province du Brabant flamand</li><li>Écosse</li></region><settlement><li>Birmingham</li><li>Cambridge</li><li>Hambourg</li><li>Louvain</li><li>Oxford</li><li>Pékin</li><li>Sydney</li><li>Édimbourg</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université d'Oxford</li><li>Université d'Édimbourg</li><li>Université de Birmingham</li><li>Université de Cambridge</li><li>Université de Sydney</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Écosse"><name sortKey="Dudas, Gytis" sort="Dudas, Gytis" uniqKey="Dudas G" first="Gytis" last="Dudas">Gytis Dudas</name></region><name sortKey="Arias, Armando" sort="Arias, Armando" uniqKey="Arias A" first="Armando" last="Arias">Armando Arias</name><name sortKey="Caddy, Sarah L" sort="Caddy, Sarah L" uniqKey="Caddy S" first="Sarah L" last="Caddy">Sarah L. Caddy</name><name sortKey="Carvalho, Luiz Max" sort="Carvalho, Luiz Max" uniqKey="Carvalho L" first="Luiz Max" last="Carvalho">Luiz Max Carvalho</name><name sortKey="Cotten, Matthew" sort="Cotten, Matthew" uniqKey="Cotten M" first="Matthew" last="Cotten">Matthew Cotten</name><name sortKey="Elmore, Michael J" sort="Elmore, Michael J" uniqKey="Elmore M" first="Michael J" last="Elmore">Michael J. Elmore</name><name sortKey="Faria, Nuno R" sort="Faria, Nuno R" uniqKey="Faria N" first="Nuno R" last="Faria">Nuno R. Faria</name><name sortKey="Fraser, Christophe" sort="Fraser, Christophe" uniqKey="Fraser C" first="Christophe" last="Fraser">Christophe Fraser</name><name sortKey="Goodfellow, Ian" sort="Goodfellow, Ian" uniqKey="Goodfellow I" first="Ian" last="Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</name><name sortKey="Hiscox, Julian A" sort="Hiscox, Julian A" uniqKey="Hiscox J" first="Julian A" last="Hiscox">Julian A. Hiscox</name><name sortKey="Kellam, Paul" sort="Kellam, Paul" uniqKey="Kellam P" first="Paul" last="Kellam">Paul Kellam</name><name sortKey="Loman, Nicholas J" sort="Loman, Nicholas J" uniqKey="Loman N" first="Nicholas J" last="Loman">Nicholas J. Loman</name><name sortKey="Lu, Jia" sort="Lu, Jia" uniqKey="Lu J" first="Jia" last="Lu">Jia Lu</name><name sortKey="Matthews, David A" sort="Matthews, David A" uniqKey="Matthews D" first="David A" last="Matthews">David A. Matthews</name><name sortKey="Meredith, Luke W" sort="Meredith, Luke W" uniqKey="Meredith L" first="Luke W" last="Meredith">Luke W. Meredith</name><name sortKey="Phan, My V T" sort="Phan, My V T" uniqKey="Phan M" first="My V T" last="Phan">My V T. Phan</name><name sortKey="Pollakis, Georgios" sort="Pollakis, Georgios" uniqKey="Pollakis G" first="Georgios" last="Pollakis">Georgios Pollakis</name><name sortKey="Pybus, Oliver G" sort="Pybus, Oliver G" uniqKey="Pybus O" first="Oliver G" last="Pybus">Oliver G. Pybus</name><name sortKey="Quick, Joshua" sort="Quick, Joshua" uniqKey="Quick J" first="Joshua" last="Quick">Joshua Quick</name><name sortKey="Rambaut, Andrew" sort="Rambaut, Andrew" uniqKey="Rambaut A" first="Andrew" last="Rambaut">Andrew Rambaut</name><name sortKey="Tatem, Andrew J" sort="Tatem, Andrew J" uniqKey="Tatem A" first="Andrew J" last="Tatem">Andrew J. Tatem</name><name sortKey="Thorne, Lucy" sort="Thorne, Lucy" uniqKey="Thorne L" first="Lucy" last="Thorne">Lucy Thorne</name><name sortKey="Watson, Simon J" sort="Watson, Simon J" uniqKey="Watson S" first="Simon J" last="Watson">Simon J. Watson</name></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bedford, Trevor" sort="Bedford, Trevor" uniqKey="Bedford T" first="Trevor" last="Bedford">Trevor Bedford</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Andersen, Kristian G" sort="Andersen, Kristian G" uniqKey="Andersen K" first="Kristian G" last="Andersen">Kristian G. 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Gao</name></country><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Simon Loriere, Etienne" sort="Simon Loriere, Etienne" uniqKey="Simon Loriere E" first="Etienne" last="Simon-Loriere">Etienne Simon-Loriere</name></noRegion></country><country name="Guinée"><noRegion><name sortKey="Diallo, Boubacar" sort="Diallo, Boubacar" uniqKey="Diallo B" first="Boubacar" last="Diallo">Boubacar Diallo</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Keita, Sakoba" sort="Keita, Sakoba" uniqKey="Keita S" first="Sakoba" last="Keïta">Sakoba Keïta</name><name sortKey="Magassouba, N Faly" sort="Magassouba, N Faly" uniqKey="Magassouba N" first="N'Faly" last="Magassouba">N'Faly Magassouba</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Formenty, Pierre" sort="Formenty, Pierre" uniqKey="Formenty P" first="Pierre" last="Formenty">Pierre Formenty</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Naidoo, Dhamari" sort="Naidoo, Dhamari" uniqKey="Naidoo D" first="Dhamari" last="Naidoo">Dhamari Naidoo</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Nouvelle-Galles du Sud"><name sortKey="Holmes, Edward C" sort="Holmes, Edward C" uniqKey="Holmes E" first="Edward C" last="Holmes">Edward C. 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